The polygamous families are divided into various parts based based on authority, residence etc. But based on descent, it is divided into two parts called matrilineal and patrilineal. The Matrilineal means “through the mother’s line” and patrilineal means ” through the father’s line”. Then, what are matrilineal and patrilineal houses? The houses or societies which trace their inheritance from the mother’s line are called matrilineal houses. While those which trace from the father’s line are called patrilineal houses. matrilineal and patrilineal systems represent two distinct ways in which societies organize inheritance and family relationships. Understanding these systems helps us appreciate the cultural diversity that exists around the world.
Characteristics of Matrilineal Households
In matrilineality, an individual is first seen to belong to their mother, grandmother, and so on rather than their fathers, grandfathers, etc.
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- Matrilocality:- It depicts that the married couple after the marriage will reside with or near the girl’s family instead of the man. It maintains cooperation as well as encourages the maternal rites and practices that pass from one generation to another.
- Maternal responsibility:- Through the matrilineal society, women also get the power and responsibility to make decisions and take important steps for the economic and property rights within their family and community.
- One’s identity and often one’s surname are derived from the maternal line, reinforcing the sense of belonging and continuity with the maternal family. Inheritances, property, and titles are typically passed down from the mother to her children, emphasizing the importance of maternal lineage.
Some examples:-
The Khasi tribe:
The majority of this tribe resides in the state of Meghalaya. Following the matrilineal law of inheritance, the youngest daughter of the house will stay with the parents and inherit the house that is named after her mother. The husband is expected to leave his house and live with his wife in his mother-in-law’s house.
The Garo tribe:
In Garo families, the mother is the household head, while the father assumes the role of providing sustenance. In Garo culture, a daughter retains her clan name for life, whereas a son adopts his wife’s clan name upon marriage.
Pros & Cons of Matrilineal Households
Pros of matrilineal house systems include:
1. Property Rights: Matrilineal systems often grant women rights to land and property, which can boost them economically and also provide financial independence.
2. Women’s Empowerment: Matrilineal societies often empower women as it opens the floor for decision-making and leadership roles within the family and community.
4. Reduced Patriarchy: Matrilineal systems tend to be less patriarchal, promoting gender equality and reducing the dominance of men in family and societal matters.
5. Social Flexibility: In matrilineal cultures, family structures may be more flexible, with less stigma associated with divorce or separation, as the ties are often through the mother’s line.
Cons of matrilineal house systems include:
1. Gender Bias: Matrilineal systems can still reinforce gender bias, as they may place women in positions of authority but not necessarily eliminate traditional gender roles or inequalities.
2. Complexity in Inheritance: Tracking matrilineal inheritance can become complex when dealing with blended families or issues related to multiple partners and children.
3. Inheritance Disputes: Just like in patrilineal systems, disputes over inheritance can arise in matrilineal societies, leading to family conflicts and legal issues.
Characteristics of Patrilineal Households
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1. Inheritance: Property, titles, and status are typically passed down from father to son.
2. Family Name: The family name or surname is often inherited from the father’s side.
3. Patriarchy: Typically, patrilineal societies are patriarchal, with men holding primary authority and decision-making power within the family.
Pros & Cons of Patrilineal Households
Pros of Patrilineal Households include:
1. Property Inheritance: Inheritance of property and wealth is often more straightforward in patrilineal systems, as assets are typically passed from father to son.
2. Social Cohesion: Patrilineal houses can foster a strong sense of social cohesion and unity among male family members, as they share a common lineage and ancestry.
Cons of Patrilineal Households include:
1. Gender Inequality: Patrilineal systems can perpetuate gender inequality, as they often prioritize male descendants, leaving limited opportunities and resources for women within the family.
2. Pressure on Male Heirs: The expectation of carrying on the family name and inheriting property can place significant pressure on male heirs, affecting their personal choices and aspirations.
Conclusion
Matrilineal and patrilineal houses represent distinct societal structures. Matrilineal systems, exemplified in movies like “Mulan” and books like “The Joy Luck Club,” highlight the significance of female lineage. Conversely, patrilineal systems, as depicted in films such as “The Godfather” and literature like “Pride and Prejudice,” underscore male lineage. These contrasting models reveal the diversity of human kinship systems and their portrayal in various forms of media. Understanding these systems is essential for appreciating the cultural diversity that exists worldwide. They serve as a reminder of the various ways in which societies organize family relationships and inheritance, shaping the dynamics of family life and community structures.
Authorship Credits
Aastha Shukla is an economics student from Miranda House, DU and a research intern at Mandonna
